日式景觀設計風格源自從漢末開始日本持續向中國派出的漢使全方位中國文化的學習使得日本園林景觀設計風(feng)格(ge)在中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)風(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)影(ying)響下得到(dao)了(le)長足的(de)(de)發展和改(gai)變。 日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)與中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)關系(xi)始于(yu)(yu)漢(han)(han)代(dai)從漢(han)(han)末開始日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)不(bu)斷向中(zhong)國(guo)派出(chu)漢(han)(han)使全方(fang)位學(xue)習中(zhong)國(guo)文化(hua)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術(shu)就(jiu)是在中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術(shu)的(de)(de)影(ying)響下經過漫長的(de)(de)歷史變遷(qian)逐漸形成(cheng)具有(you)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)民族特(te)色的(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。 公元六(liu)世(shi)紀中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀(guan)藝術(shu)隨佛教傳入日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)初期相當于(yu)(yu)囿的(de)(de)苑(yuan)園(yuan)(yuan)因輸入了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)較(jiao)為成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)技法除動植物外(wai)更(geng)多的(de)(de)是人工(gong)山水(shui)(shui)即(ji)更(geng)接近于(yu)(yu)人工(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)。由于(yu)(yu)結合了(le)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)國(guo)土性質采用舟游的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)內容(rong)有(you)山水(shui)(shui)部(bu)分的(de)(de)池、磯、須彌山等(deng)(deng)動物部(bu)分的(de)(de)龜、魚、狗、馬等(deng)(deng)建筑(zhu)有(you)苑(yuan)、離宮、吳橋、畫舫等(deng)(deng)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)活動有(you)狩獵(lie)、舟游、其(qi)(qi)水(shui)(shui)宴等(deng)(deng)。

      日(ri)(ri)式景觀(guan)設(she)計風(feng)格雖(sui)(sui)然(ran)(ran)受(shou)我國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)藝(yi)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響但經過長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)與創(chuang)新(xin)已形(xing)成日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)民族獨有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)式風(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)山水園(yuan)(yuan)。可以(yi)認為日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)起(qi)初重(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)把中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部(bu)內(nei)容有(you)(you)(you)(you)選擇、有(you)(you)(you)(you)發(fa)展(zhan)地兼收并(bing)蓄入自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)傳(chuan)統中(zhong)后來則(ze)通過中(zhong)國(guo)禪(chan)宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)入把對園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)追(zhui)求推向極(ji)(ji)致并(bing)產(chan)(chan)生有(you)(you)(you)(you)自(zi)己風(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)形(xing)式。 日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)景觀(guan)設(she)計以(yi)清純、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)格聞名于世。它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)別(bie)于中(zhong)式園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)之中(zhong)見(jian)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)而(er)是(shi)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之中(zhong)見(jian)人(ren)(ren)工(gong).它(ta)著重(zhong)體現(xian)(xian)和(he)象征(zheng)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)避免人(ren)(ren)工(gong)斧(fu)鑿的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡創(chuang)造出一(yi)種簡樸、清寧的(de)(de)(de)(de)致美境界。 在(zai)(zai)(zai)表現(xian)(xian)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)時日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)更注重(zhong)對自(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)提煉、濃縮并(bing)創(chuang)造出能使(shi)人(ren)(ren)入靜(jing)入定、超凡(fan)脫俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈感(gan)受(shou)從而(er)使(shi)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)耐(nai)看、耐(nai)品、值得細(xi)(xi)細(xi)(xi)體會的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)巧細(xi)(xi)膩含而(er)不(bu)露的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色具有(you)(you)(you)(you)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)象征(zheng)性能引發(fa)觀(guan)賞者對人(ren)(ren)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)思索(suo)和(he)領悟。 日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)彩之處在(zai)(zai)(zai)于它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)巧而(er)精(jing)致枯寂(ji)而(er)玄妙抽象而(er)深邃。大者不(bu)過一(yi)畝余小(xiao)(xiao)者僅幾平(ping)方米日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)就是(shi)用這(zhe)種極(ji)(ji)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構成要(yao)素達到極(ji)(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)意韻效果。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)雖(sui)(sui)早期(qi)受(shou)中(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響但在(zai)(zai)(zai)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)過程中(zhong)形(xing)成了自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)特色尤其在(zai)(zai)(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)庭(ting)院方面產(chan)(chan)生了頗有(you)(you)(you)(you)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)。

      從種類而(er)言日(ri)本(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)可分為(wei)枯山(shan)水(shui)、池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、筑(zhu)山(shan)庭(ting)(ting)、平庭(ting)(ting)、茶庭(ting)(ting)、露地、回游式(shi)、觀(guan)賞式(shi)、坐(zuo)觀(guan)式(shi)、舟游式(shi)以及它們的(de)(de)(de)組合等。 枯山(shan)水(shui)又叫假山(shan)水(shui)是日(ri)本(ben)(ben)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手法(fa)系日(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)精華。其本(ben)(ben)質意義是無(wu)水(shui)之庭(ting)(ting)即在庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內敷(fu)白砂綴(zhui)以石組或適量樹木(mu)因無(wu)山(shan)無(wu)水(shui)而(er)得名(ming)。 池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是以池(chi)泉(quan)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林構成(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)現日(ri)本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)質特(te)征即島國(guo)性國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)以水(shui)池(chi)為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)布(bu)置(zhi)島、瀑布(bu)、土(tu)山(shan)、溪流、橋、亭、榭等。 筑(zhu)山(shan)庭(ting)(ting)是在庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內堆土(tu)筑(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)假山(shan)綴(zhui)以石組、樹木(mu)、飛石、石燈籠的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林構成(cheng)(cheng)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)要求有(you)(you)較大的(de)(de)(de)規模(mo)以表現開闊的(de)(de)(de)河山(shan)常利用(yong)自然地形加以人工美(mei)化達到幽深豐富的(de)(de)(de)景致。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)筑(zhu)山(shan)庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林中(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)稱為(wei)崗或阜(fu)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)稱為(wei)筑(zhu)山(shan)較大的(de)(de)(de)崗阜(fu)或野筋坡(po)度較緩的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)丘或山(shan)腰。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)院中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)有(you)(you)池(chi)泉(quan)但(dan)不一(yi)(yi)定有(you)(you)筑(zhu)山(shan)即日(ri)本(ben)(ben)以池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主筑(zhu)山(shan)庭(ting)(ting)為(wei)輔。

      平庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)即在(zai)(zai)平坦(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基地(di)(di)上(shang)進(jin)行(xing)規劃和(he)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)一般在(zai)(zai)平坦(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)上(shang)表現(xian)出一個(ge)山(shan)(shan)谷地(di)(di)帶或原野(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)景(jing)用各種巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燈和(he)溪流配置在(zai)(zai)一起(qi)(qi)組成各種自然景(jing)色(se)多用草(cao)地(di)(di)、花(hua)壇等(deng)(deng)。根(gen)據庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)內(nei)敷材不(bu)同(tong)而(er)有(you)芝庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、苔庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、砂庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)等(deng)(deng)。平庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和(he)筑山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)都有(you)真、行(xing)、草(cao)三種格(ge)式(shi)(shi)。 茶(cha)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)也叫(jiao)露(lu)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、露(lu)路是把茶(cha)道(dao)融入園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)進(jin)行(xing)茶(cha)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮儀而(er)創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)形式(shi)(shi)。面(mian)積很小可(ke)設(she)在(zai)(zai)筑山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和(he)平庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一般是在(zai)(zai)進(jin)入茶(cha)室前的(de)(de)(de)(de)一段空(kong)間(jian)里布置各種景(jing)觀(guan)。步石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)路按一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)路線經廁所、洗手缽后到達目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)。茶(cha)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)猶(you)如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)但空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化沒有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)層(ceng)次豐富。其園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣氛是以(yi)裸露(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)象征崎嶇的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)間(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)徑(jing)以(yi)地(di)(di)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)松葉(xie)暗示茂(mao)密森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)以(yi)蹲踞式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洗手缽象征圣潔泉水以(yi)寺社(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圍墻、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)燈籠來模(mo)仿古剎神社(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肅(su)穆清靜。 回(hui)游(you)式(shi)(shi)、觀(guan)賞式(shi)(shi)、坐觀(guan)式(shi)(shi)、舟游(you)式(shi)(shi)是指(zhi)在(zai)(zai)大(da)型(xing)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)有(you)回(hui)游(you)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環池(chi)設(she)路或可(ke)兼作水面(mian)游(you)覽用的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)游(you)兼舟游(you)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環池(chi)設(she)路等(deng)(deng)一般是舟游(you)、回(hui)游(you)、坐觀(guan)三種方式(shi)(shi)結合在(zai)(zai)一起(qi)(qi)從而(er)增加園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趣味性(xing)。有(you)別于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步移景(jing)隨日本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是以(yi)靜觀(guan)為(wei)主。 日本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)分之(zhi)(zhi)三都由植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)水體構成因此從種植(zhi)設(she)計上(shang)日本園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)突出特(te)點是同(tong)一園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)種不(bu)多常(chang)常(chang)是以(yi)一二種植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)作為(wei)主景(jing)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)再(zai)選(xuan)用另一二種植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)作為(wei)點景(jing)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)層(ceng)次清楚形式(shi)(shi)簡潔但十分美觀(guan)。選(xuan)材以(yi)常(chang)綠樹(shu)木為(wei)主花(hua)卉較少且多有(you)特(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義如(ru)松樹(shu)代(dai)表長(chang)壽櫻(ying)花(hua)代(dai)表完美鳶尾(wei)代(dai)表純潔等(deng)(deng)等(deng)(deng)。