日式景觀設計風格源自從漢末開始日本持續向中國派出的漢使全方位中國文化的學習使得日本園林景觀設計風格(ge)(ge)在中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)園林景(jing)觀風格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)影響下得到了長足的(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)改(gai)變(bian)。 日本(ben)與中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)關系始于漢代(dai)從(cong)漢末(mo)開始日本(ben)不(bu)斷向中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)派出漢使全(quan)方位學習中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)文化(hua)。其中(zhong)日本(ben)園林藝術(shu)就是在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園林藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)影響下經(jing)過漫長的(de)(de)(de)歷史變(bian)遷逐漸形成具有日本(ben)民族(zu)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)日本(ben)園林。 公元六世紀中(zhong)式(shi)(shi)園林景(jing)觀藝術(shu)隨佛教傳(chuan)入(ru)日本(ben)。日本(ben)園林初期相當于囿的(de)(de)(de)苑園因輸入(ru)了中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)較(jiao)為成熟的(de)(de)(de)技法除(chu)動(dong)植(zhi)物外更多的(de)(de)(de)是人工山(shan)水即更接近于人工園。由于結合了日本(ben)國(guo)(guo)土性質采(cai)用舟游的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)其內容有山(shan)水部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)池、磯(ji)、須彌山(shan)等(deng)(deng)動(dong)物部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)龜、魚、狗、馬等(deng)(deng)建筑有苑、離宮、吳橋(qiao)、畫舫等(deng)(deng)園林活動(dong)有狩獵、舟游、其水宴等(deng)(deng)。

      日(ri)(ri)(ri)式(shi)景觀(guan)設(she)計風格(ge)雖然受(shou)我(wo)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)但經過長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)發展與(yu)創新已(yi)形成日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)民族獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然式(shi)風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)山水園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。可(ke)以(yi)認為日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)起初(chu)重在(zai)(zai)把(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)內容有(you)選擇、有(you)發展地兼收并(bing)蓄入自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)文化傳(chuan)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后來則通(tong)過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)禪宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)入把(ba)對園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)精(jing)(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)追求推向極致并(bing)產生(sheng)有(you)自(zi)(zi)己風格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)形式(shi)。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)景觀(guan)設(she)計以(yi)清純、自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)風格(ge)聞名于世。它有(you)別于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)式(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)人(ren)工之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見自(zi)(zi)然而(er)(er)(er)是自(zi)(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見人(ren)工.它著重體(ti)現和象征(zheng)自(zi)(zi)然界的(de)(de)(de)景觀(guan)避免人(ren)工斧(fu)鑿(zao)的(de)(de)(de)痕跡創造出一(yi)種(zhong)簡樸、清寧的(de)(de)(de)致美境(jing)界。 在(zai)(zai)表現自(zi)(zi)然時日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)更(geng)注重對自(zi)(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)提煉、濃縮并(bing)創造出能使人(ren)入靜入定、超凡脫俗的(de)(de)(de)心靈感受(shou)從而(er)(er)(er)使日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)具有(you)耐看、耐品、值(zhi)得細(xi)細(xi)體(ti)會的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)巧細(xi)膩含而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)露的(de)(de)(de)特色(se)(se)具有(you)突出的(de)(de)(de)象征(zheng)性能引發觀(guan)賞者對人(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)思索和領悟(wu)。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)彩之(zhi)(zhi)處在(zai)(zai)于它的(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)巧而(er)(er)(er)精(jing)(jing)致枯寂而(er)(er)(er)玄妙抽象而(er)(er)(er)深邃。大(da)者不(bu)過一(yi)畝余小(xiao)(xiao)者僅幾(ji)平方米日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)就是用(yong)這(zhe)種(zhong)極少的(de)(de)(de)構成要(yao)素(su)達到極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)意韻(yun)效果。日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)雖早期(qi)受(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)但在(zai)(zai)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)發展過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形成了自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)特色(se)(se)尤(you)其在(zai)(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)庭院方面產生(sheng)了頗有(you)特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)(de)庭園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

      從種類(lei)而(er)言日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般(ban)可分為枯山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)、平庭(ting)(ting)(ting)、茶庭(ting)(ting)(ting)、露地(di)、回游式(shi)(shi)、觀(guan)賞式(shi)(shi)、坐(zuo)觀(guan)式(shi)(shi)、舟游式(shi)(shi)以(yi)及它們的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)合等。 枯山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)又(you)叫(jiao)假山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)特有(you)的(de)(de)造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手法系日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)精華。其本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)質意義(yi)是(shi)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)即在庭(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內敷白(bai)砂綴(zhui)以(yi)石組(zu)(zu)或適量(liang)樹木因無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)無(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)而(er)得名。 池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)以(yi)池(chi)泉(quan)為中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)構成體(ti)現日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)質特征(zheng)即島國性國家(jia)的(de)(de)特征(zheng)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)以(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)為中(zhong)心(xin)布(bu)置島、瀑布(bu)、土(tu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪(xi)流、橋、亭(ting)、榭(xie)等。 筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)是(shi)在庭(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內堆土(tu)筑(zhu)成假山(shan)(shan)(shan)綴(zhui)以(yi)石組(zu)(zu)、樹木、飛石、石燈籠(long)的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)構成。一(yi)般(ban)要求有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)規模以(yi)表現開闊的(de)(de)河山(shan)(shan)(shan)常利用自然地(di)形(xing)加以(yi)人工美化(hua)達到幽深豐富的(de)(de)景致。日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)中(zhong)的(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)在中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)被稱為崗或阜(fu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)稱為筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)崗阜(fu)或野筋坡度(du)較(jiao)緩的(de)(de)土(tu)丘或山(shan)(shan)(shan)腰。日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)院中(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)有(you)池(chi)泉(quan)但不一(yi)定有(you)筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)即日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)以(yi)池(chi)泉(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為主筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)為輔。

      平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)即(ji)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦的(de)(de)(de)(de)基地上進行(xing)(xing)規劃和(he)建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地上表(biao)現出一(yi)(yi)個山(shan)(shan)谷地帶或(huo)原野的(de)(de)(de)(de)風景用各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)巖石(shi)、植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物、石(shi)燈和(he)溪流(liu)配置在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起組成各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自然景色多(duo)用草(cao)地、花(hua)壇(tan)等。根據庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)內敷材(cai)(cai)不同(tong)而有(you)芝庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、苔庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、砂庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、石(shi)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)等。平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和(he)筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)都有(you)真、行(xing)(xing)、草(cao)三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)格式(shi)(shi)。 茶庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)也叫露庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)、露路(lu)是(shi)(shi)把茶道融入(ru)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)之中(zhong)為進行(xing)(xing)茶道的(de)(de)(de)(de)禮(li)儀(yi)而創造的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)形式(shi)(shi)。面積很小可設(she)在(zai)(zai)筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)和(he)平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)之中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)進入(ru)茶室前的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)空間(jian)里布(bu)置各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)景觀(guan)。步石(shi)道路(lu)按一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)路(lu)線(xian)經廁所、洗手(shou)缽后到達目的(de)(de)(de)(de)地。茶庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)猶(you)如中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)之園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)但(dan)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化沒有(you)中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)層次豐富。其園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣氛(fen)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)裸露的(de)(de)(de)(de)步石(shi)象征崎嶇的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)間(jian)石(shi)徑以(yi)地上的(de)(de)(de)(de)松葉暗示茂密森林(lin)以(yi)蹲踞(ju)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)洗手(shou)缽象征圣潔泉(quan)水(shui)以(yi)寺社(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圍墻、石(shi)燈籠(long)來模仿古(gu)剎神社(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肅穆清靜(jing)。 回游式(shi)(shi)、觀(guan)賞式(shi)(shi)、坐(zuo)觀(guan)式(shi)(shi)、舟游式(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)指在(zai)(zai)大型庭(ting)(ting)(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)設(she)有(you)回游式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環池(chi)設(she)路(lu)或(huo)可兼(jian)作水(shui)面游覽用的(de)(de)(de)(de)回游兼(jian)舟游式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環池(chi)設(she)路(lu)等一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)舟游、回游、坐(zuo)觀(guan)三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)結合在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起從而增加園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趣味性。有(you)別于中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)步移景隨(sui)日(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)靜(jing)觀(guan)為主(zhu)。 日(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四分(fen)之三都由植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物、山(shan)(shan)石(shi)和(he)水(shui)體構成因此(ci)從種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計(ji)上日(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個突出特(te)點是(shi)(shi)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不多(duo)常常是(shi)(shi)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物作為主(zhu)景植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物再選用另(ling)一(yi)(yi)二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物作為點景植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物層次清楚形式(shi)(shi)簡潔但(dan)十分(fen)美觀(guan)。選材(cai)(cai)以(yi)常綠樹木為主(zhu)花(hua)卉較少且(qie)多(duo)有(you)特(te)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)含義如松樹代(dai)表(biao)長壽櫻(ying)花(hua)代(dai)表(biao)完美鳶尾(wei)代(dai)表(biao)純潔等等。