日式景觀設計風格源自從漢末開始日本持續向中國派出的漢使全方位中國文化的學習使得日本園林景觀設計風(feng)格在中式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀風(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響下得到了長足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)改變(bian)。 日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)與中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系始(shi)于(yu)漢代從漢末開始(shi)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)不斷向中國(guo)派(pai)出漢使(shi)全方位(wei)學習中國(guo)文化(hua)。其(qi)中日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術就(jiu)是在中國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響下經過(guo)漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)變(bian)遷逐漸形(xing)成具有日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)民族(zu)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)。 公(gong)元六世紀中式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)景觀藝術隨佛教傳入日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)初期(qi)相當于(yu)囿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苑園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因輸入了中國(guo)較為成熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技法除動(dong)植物外更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是人(ren)工山(shan)水(shui)即更接近(jin)于(yu)人(ren)工園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。由于(yu)結合了日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)國(guo)土(tu)性質采用舟游(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式其(qi)內(nei)容有山(shan)水(shui)部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)池、磯(ji)、須彌(mi)山(shan)等動(dong)物部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龜、魚、狗、馬等建筑有苑、離宮、吳(wu)橋、畫舫(fang)等園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)活動(dong)有狩獵(lie)、舟游(you)、其(qi)水(shui)宴(yan)等。

      日(ri)(ri)(ri)式景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)設(she)計(ji)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)雖然(ran)(ran)受我(wo)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響但經(jing)過長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)與創(chuang)新已形成(cheng)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)民族獨有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式風(feng)(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山水(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。可以認為(wei)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)起初重(zhong)在(zai)把(ba)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)內(nei)容有(you)(you)(you)選擇、有(you)(you)(you)發展(zhan)地兼收并蓄入(ru)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)傳統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后來(lai)則通過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)禪宗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳入(ru)把(ba)對園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)追求推向極致(zhi)并產生有(you)(you)(you)自(zi)(zi)己風(feng)(feng)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)形式。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)設(she)計(ji)以清(qing)純、自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)格(ge)聞名于世。它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)別于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)人工(gong)(gong)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)而(er)(er)是自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)見人工(gong)(gong).它(ta)著重(zhong)體(ti)現和象征自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)避免人工(gong)(gong)斧鑿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡創(chuang)造(zao)出一種(zhong)簡樸、清(qing)寧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)美境(jing)界。 在(zai)表現自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)時日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)更(geng)注重(zhong)對自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)煉、濃縮并創(chuang)造(zao)出能使人入(ru)靜入(ru)定、超凡脫(tuo)俗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈感受從而(er)(er)使日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)具有(you)(you)(you)耐看、耐品、值得細(xi)細(xi)體(ti)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)巧細(xi)膩含而(er)(er)不露的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色(se)具有(you)(you)(you)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象征性能引發觀(guan)(guan)賞者(zhe)對人生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思索(suo)和領悟。 日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)彩之(zhi)處在(zai)于它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小巧而(er)(er)精(jing)致(zhi)枯寂而(er)(er)玄妙抽象而(er)(er)深(shen)邃。大者(zhe)不過一畝余小者(zhe)僅(jin)幾平方米(mi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)就(jiu)是用這種(zhong)極少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)要素達(da)到(dao)極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意韻效果。日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)雖早期受中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響但在(zai)長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)了(le)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色(se)尤其(qi)在(zai)小庭院方面產生了(le)頗有(you)(you)(you)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)庭園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。

      從種類而言日本(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般可分為(wei)枯山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)、平庭(ting)(ting)、茶(cha)庭(ting)(ting)、露(lu)地、回游式(shi)、觀賞式(shi)、坐(zuo)觀式(shi)、舟游式(shi)以(yi)(yi)及它們的組(zu)(zu)(zu)合等(deng)。 枯山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)又叫假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)日本(ben)(ben)特有(you)的造園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)手法系(xi)日本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的精華(hua)。其(qi)本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)意義是(shi)(shi)(shi)無水(shui)(shui)(shui)之庭(ting)(ting)即(ji)在庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內敷白(bai)砂綴以(yi)(yi)石(shi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)或適(shi)量樹(shu)木因(yin)無山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)無水(shui)(shui)(shui)而得名。 池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)池泉(quan)(quan)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)構成體現日本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的本(ben)(ben)質(zhi)(zhi)特征(zheng)即(ji)島(dao)(dao)國性(xing)國家(jia)的特征(zheng)。園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)池為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)布置(zhi)島(dao)(dao)、瀑布、土(tu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、溪流(liu)、橋、亭、榭等(deng)。 筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在庭(ting)(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內堆土(tu)筑(zhu)(zhu)成假山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)綴以(yi)(yi)石(shi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)、樹(shu)木、飛石(shi)、石(shi)燈(deng)籠(long)的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)構成。一(yi)般要(yao)求有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大的規模以(yi)(yi)表現開(kai)闊(kuo)的河山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)常利用自然地形加以(yi)(yi)人工美化達到幽深豐(feng)富(fu)的景致。日本(ben)(ben)筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)中(zhong)的園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)在中(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)中(zhong)被稱(cheng)為(wei)崗或阜日本(ben)(ben)稱(cheng)為(wei)筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)較(jiao)(jiao)大的崗阜或野筋坡度較(jiao)(jiao)緩的土(tu)丘或山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)腰。日本(ben)(ben)庭(ting)(ting)院中(zhong)一(yi)般有(you)池泉(quan)(quan)但不一(yi)定有(you)筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)即(ji)日本(ben)(ben)以(yi)(yi)池泉(quan)(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)庭(ting)(ting)為(wei)輔(fu)。

      平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)即在(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan)(tan)的(de)基地(di)上(shang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)規劃(hua)和建設(she)的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)坦(tan)(tan)的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)上(shang)表(biao)(biao)現出(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)個山(shan)(shan)谷地(di)帶(dai)或原(yuan)野(ye)的(de)風(feng)景用(yong)各(ge)種巖石(shi)、植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、石(shi)燈和溪流配置在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)組成(cheng)各(ge)種自然景色(se)多用(yong)草(cao)地(di)、花(hua)壇等(deng)。根(gen)據庭(ting)內敷(fu)材(cai)不同而有(you)芝庭(ting)、苔庭(ting)、砂庭(ting)、石(shi)庭(ting)等(deng)。平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)和筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)都有(you)真(zhen)、行(xing)、草(cao)三(san)(san)種格(ge)式。 茶(cha)(cha)庭(ting)也叫(jiao)露庭(ting)、露路(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把茶(cha)(cha)道融入園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)茶(cha)(cha)道的(de)禮儀而創(chuang)造的(de)一(yi)(yi)種園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)形(xing)式。面積很小可設(she)在(zai)筑(zhu)(zhu)山(shan)(shan)庭(ting)和平(ping)(ping)庭(ting)之中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)入茶(cha)(cha)室(shi)前的(de)一(yi)(yi)段空間(jian)里布置各(ge)種景觀(guan)(guan)。步(bu)石(shi)道路(lu)(lu)按一(yi)(yi)定的(de)路(lu)(lu)線經廁所(suo)、洗(xi)手(shou)缽后到達目的(de)地(di)。茶(cha)(cha)庭(ting)猶如(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)但(dan)(dan)空間(jian)的(de)變化沒有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)層次豐(feng)富。其園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)氣氛(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)裸露的(de)步(bu)石(shi)象征崎嶇的(de)山(shan)(shan)間(jian)石(shi)徑以(yi)地(di)上(shang)的(de)松葉暗示茂密森林(lin)(lin)(lin)以(yi)蹲踞式的(de)洗(xi)手(shou)缽象征圣潔泉水以(yi)寺(si)社的(de)圍(wei)墻、石(shi)燈籠來模仿古剎神社的(de)肅(su)穆(mu)清(qing)靜(jing)。 回(hui)游(you)式、觀(guan)(guan)賞式、坐(zuo)觀(guan)(guan)式、舟(zhou)游(you)式是(shi)(shi)(shi)指在(zai)大(da)型庭(ting)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)設(she)有(you)回(hui)游(you)式的(de)環池(chi)設(she)路(lu)(lu)或可兼作水面游(you)覽用(yong)的(de)回(hui)游(you)兼舟(zhou)游(you)式的(de)環池(chi)設(she)路(lu)(lu)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)是(shi)(shi)(shi)舟(zhou)游(you)、回(hui)游(you)、坐(zuo)觀(guan)(guan)三(san)(san)種方式結合在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起(qi)從而增加園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)趣味性。有(you)別(bie)于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)步(bu)移景隨日本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)靜(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)。 日本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)四分之三(san)(san)都由植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)、山(shan)(shan)石(shi)和水體構(gou)成(cheng)因此(ci)從種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計上(shang)日本(ben)(ben)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)配置的(de)一(yi)(yi)個突出(chu)(chu)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同一(yi)(yi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)品種不多常(chang)常(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)一(yi)(yi)二(er)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)作為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)景植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)再(zai)選用(yong)另一(yi)(yi)二(er)種植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)作為(wei)點(dian)景植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)層次清(qing)楚形(xing)式簡潔但(dan)(dan)十分美觀(guan)(guan)。選材(cai)以(yi)常(chang)綠樹木為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)花(hua)卉(hui)較少(shao)且(qie)多有(you)特(te)別(bie)的(de)含義如(ru)松樹代(dai)表(biao)(biao)長(chang)壽櫻(ying)花(hua)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)完美鳶(yuan)尾代(dai)表(biao)(biao)純潔等(deng)等(deng)。